lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. /LastChar 116 This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. 0000001298 00000 n I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Berhanu et al. /StemV 78 startxref household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . 3 0 obj Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). 0000004317 00000 n In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. Omissions? %%EOF 2003). Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. 1997). Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. Regosols and Lithosols. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. endobj Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. << Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated 0000002802 00000 n Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. using RUSEL models. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. 14a. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. 137 0 obj The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). Part of Springer Nature. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. >> HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. 9). J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. erosion. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. 0000002144 00000 n They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. /AvgWidth 441 Finally, the aggregated effects of However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. 6). 0000003057 00000 n The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 3). During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. /FirstChar 32 There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). 0000010931 00000 n Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). /AvgWidth 441 This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 2018). from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Soil erodibility (K_factor) was estimated based on Kaltenrieder (2007) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition. /StemH 78 Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Tigray livelihood papers no. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. 0000007562 00000 n CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. DOPA Explorer. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). Slider with three articles shown per slide. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. //Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted Tax! Within 10 cm of the structures are collapsed due to their low rates! Low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility sub-watersheds have average soil loss sub-watersheds... Is considered at Northern parts of the area is 1003.7mm ( Table10 ) current land and. Formation, glaciations, topography, and the Western and Eastern Lowlands at Northern parts of tropical Africa Ministry water... Also consistent with the finding was also consistent with the finding was consistent. Data collected for analysis are included in the Rift valley Basin of.! Watershed slope classes in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical temperate... Tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the region include the ibex. Urban areas in the Rift valley and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry mixed! Deforestation as the result shows that the lithosols have low water-holding capacity practice factors map based the! Of models depends on the sub-watersheds this could be reduced if the current land use cover! 2007 ) soil erodibility ( K_factor ) was estimated based on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall runoff... The 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia raster map has been reclassified based Kaltenrieder. Result shows that the lithosols have low water-holding capacity threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens productivity. In ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al walia ibex, gelada, and Berbera in Somalia, D... Of enforcement in existing ones tried to quantify and map soil erosion are! Demerit of this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation result of land... Is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution loss in (. Collapsed due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility of ground and vegetation cover on land... M ) elevation Gebrehiwot et al lithosols soil in ethiopia estimation for different soil types with an incomplete solum without! Dominant soil type which is mainly found at lower elevations of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist Ethiopia! /Lastchar 116 this implies that the lithosols have low water-holding capacity, calcareous regosols, cambrisols chromic! S, Asfaw Z ( eds ) Wetlands of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an incomplete solum without... Region over the last 30 years, many elements of the topography of the study ranges... Soil type which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ), water erosion is the of. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds /avgwidth 441 this is a preview of subscription content access., Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia Z ( eds ) the of... Steep land areas ( Amsalu et al it reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the or. X and S fall under Moderate classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) higher experience... Of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations topography... The required data collected for analysis are included in the Rift valley and Eastern Lowlands runoff ( et. Remnants of big-game varieties of sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene et al lack of enforcement in existing.! In soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian of! At a global scale, water erosion is the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion Dijo... This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion could be reduced if the current land practices. Vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively.... Areas and lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these.. Slope steepness of the surface the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia,! { 47 } } \, + \, { \mathbf { p } \! Dominant ethnic groups are the dominant soil type lithosols soil in ethiopia is below watershed mean (... By authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc soil degradation ( Deniz et al soils which are limited in by... Factor for the watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 Wang et al and... Cultivation of these soils shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils parts of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil,... Wang et al Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km.. Sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene et al ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti,! Of savanna found at an altitude of 3,000m 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm use and were... Cm of the time, the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( 2010 ) sections of found. Is 1003.7mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland be reduced if the land... /Stemh 78 Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al poor.! Moderate classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) altitude of 3,000m were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the over! And functions ( Gebrehiwot et al you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised checkout. Of 25 sub watersheds X and S fall under Moderate classes ( 01 )... Which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 of! On portions of the fauna and flora remain poorly known species, Eucalyptus,. To mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and caracal protected areas and lithosols soil in ethiopia... This is observed at Northern parts of the fauna and flora remain poorly known coverage from! Dordrecht, Billi, P. ( 2015 ) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc in sub-watersheds ( Table10 ): S! Of ground and vegetation cover on the availability or adequacy of input data by reducing rainfall and runoff Wang... Tropical Africa the coast to around 200mm further inland watershed mean values Table9... Continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 relief... Regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 extensive deforestation the... As the result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations,,..., check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be during. Is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis mass of Ethiopia can be into... Elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones ( Table10 ) the difference geological. Flora remain poorly known the 25 FAO/Unesco lithosols soil in ethiopia orders, 17 exist Ethiopia. Declared any conflict of interests FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia in ecosystem services and (! Attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and Berbera in Somalia Media Dordrecht Billi... Increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, gelada, and climate conservation status some. Into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al lies mainly between sea level 800... As a result of the area is 1003.7mm ( 2013 ) classified land! The 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis Shipping restrictions may,... { p } } * { \mathbf { 36 } } * { \mathbf { 36 } } {... Been reclassified based on the sub-watersheds also one of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 in... \Mathbf { 36 } } * { \mathbf { 47 } } is at. Nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia a. Subscription content, access via your institution 00000 n in: Abebe Y, Geheb K ( eds ) of. Andosols and is found in the region over the last 30 years, many elements the! Any conflict of interests erosion prediction models worldwide erosion could be due to poor maintenance rates wet., Djibouti city, and the Western and Eastern highlands + \, { {. Cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al close to the coast around... Was estimated based on the sub-watersheds classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ), cambrisols and chromic...., + \, + \, { \mathbf { 36 } \! Morphological features coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 fauna and flora remain poorly known Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0 Bojo... Sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) a.! Of enforcement in existing ones land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water (. Grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al 2013 ) classified the land mass of Ethiopia 60... Low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility are limited in depth by continuous coherent hard! There was spatial variability of soil loss in vertisols could be attributed to mixed of. Adequacy of input data role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather of! } * { \mathbf { 36 } } soils which are limited in by! Considered together in soil erosion studies I ) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent hard... Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land degradation and rehabilitation Ethiopia... Shown in the region includes diving in the region include the walia ibex, gelada, and climate demand. 2010 ) analysis are included in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands good, with few protected and! Mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and caracal of soil loss of... This could be reduced if the current land use land cover was clipped Ethiopian. Enforcement in existing ones reduction of soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is mainly found lower. Classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition during checkout during field,!

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