middle pleistocene humans’ morphology

Despite subtle variation in Pleistocene hominin tali, some consistent morphological variants can be identified among different fossil samples (27, 49). Here we present a complete characterization of the postcranium of the middle Pleistocene paleodeme from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) and its paleobiological implications. 60/femoral maximum length × 100). endobj We do not capture any email address. Author: Freidline, Sarah E. et al. www.pnas.org <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 71 0 R/Type/Page>> The overall stature [(male mean + female mean)/2] of the SH hominins (163.6 cm) is 3.0 cm taller than the mean stature in Neandertals (160.6 cm) (SI Appendix, Table S3). 59 0 obj 1A) characterized by very wide sacra, pronounced lateral iliac flaring, and long pubic rami that clearly separate it from the MH pelvic configuration (see below). The higher EQ of the SH population compared with the published values in the early Pleistocene Dmanisi hominins (37) demonstrates that the increase in brain size in SH was not simply a consequence of an increase in body mass (29). At least the L3 and L5 lumbar vertebrae display very long and, unlike the Neandertals, dorso-laterally oriented transverse processes (Fig. A team of scientists led by LIU Wu and WU Xiujie from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported the first ever Middle Pleistocene human skull found in southeastern China, revealing the variation and continuity in early Asian humans. In general, the body plan in the genus Homo has been largely characterized by stasis since ∼1.6 Mya until the appearance of MH (2). endobj A mosaic pattern was also documented in the SH cranium (16) although, in this case, the Neandertal suite of derived features forms a single functional complex. All postcranial bones of the human skeleton are represented, reducing the previous bias against some elements (thorax, hand, and foot bones). Therefore, these traits do not phylogenetically relate the SH population with Neandertals. The curvatures of the SH clavicles in the transverse plane fall within the normal variation in MH. 1 A–C and SI Appendix, Table S24) (54, 55). In contrast, the iliopsoas groove in hip bones of earlier Homo taxa is shallow and does not excavate the medial surface of the AIIS (44). Abstract. Our analysis suggests that three aspects of this biotype (body breadth, stature, and weight) show a mosaic pattern of evolution (Fig. analyzed data; and J.L.A., J.-M.C., C.L., A.G.-O., A.P., L.R., R.G.-G., A.B., R.M.Q., A.P.-P., and I.M. These could be Neandertal specializations, but the scant fossil record of postcranial elements in early Pleistocene Homo makes it difficult to establish a clear cladistic polarity for many anatomical features, such as the morphology of the axis, the proximal humerus, the ulna, or the tibia. Contrary to previous suggestions that middle Pleistocene humans were more dimorphic (35, 36), the SH hominins do not show an unusual degree of size variation compared with MH. 2015-09-02T03:51:26+05:30 A subsequent slight increase in body mass occurred only approximately 1 million years later in middle Pleistocene populations (including SH), and these body parameters were largely maintained in the Neandertals. 2D) and other middle Pleistocene hip bones (43). Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Universidad del País Vasco–Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Colloquium paper: Terrestrial apes and phylogenetic trees, Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo, A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain, Body size, body proportions, and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China, A hominid tibia from Middle Pleistocene sediments at Boxgrove, UK, The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). The total length of the sacrum and of the complete hip bone, and of the ischium, ilium, and pubis, the vertical acetabular diameter, and the breadth of the ilium and sacrum are conspicuously above MH (SI Appendix, Table S18). S8). In contrast, MH show three curvature types (31). Thanks also to Residencia Gil de Siloé; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (project CGL2012-38434-C03-01/02/03); Junta de Castilla y León (project BU005A09); Direcció General de Recerca 2014 SGR-899; and the European Social Fund. Reviewers: T.W.H., Tulane University; and C.B.R., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. EP1: 2.0–1.8 Mya early Pleistocene Homo; EP2: 1.7–0.8 Mya early Pleistocene Homo; MP: non-SH middle Pleistocene Homo; Ne: Neandertals; MH: modern humans. These features, together with the very broad elliptical pelvis, are shared with early and middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and they likely represent the plesiomorphic condition for the genus Homo. endobj (2013) invoked evolutionary convergence for the above modern sapiens -like facial morphology in several places and times during the Pleistocene. ��L��'��vFI�D]��� �y�+xV��VOt.6ń0��вr��kr����M�s>�l9Ǧ}��Ӳܔ�I���> ^]�Âk��ES�]9P��*��J��_��q�qd�s�\�Iq�Ϋq�0�)0fo�J2��~�U��n|F��|���. Astronomers thought they’d finally figured out where gold and other heavy elements in the universe came from. Some (but not all) Neandertal derived traits are present, which phylogenetically links this population with Neandertals. Postcranial skeleton from Sima de los Huesos. In order to better evaluate the modern human-like facial fea-tures on ATD6-69 several issues need to be clarified. The SH proximal pedal phalanges present hypertrophy of the shaft, and the distal phalanx of the big toe shows an expanded distal tuberosity, as in the Neandertals (39, 52). 1E), a broader and deeper olecranon fossa, a relatively narrower medial distal pillar surrounding the olecranon fossa (Fig. The unexpected new chronology of this puzzling specimen in the mid of the Middle Pleistocene, led us to conclude that, “the morphology of the human calvarium from Ceprano – which lacks Neanderthal traits and does not have a real counterpart among the continental penecontemporaneous fossil record – [points out to] more complex scenarios of human evolution in … Field work at the Sierra de Atapuerca sites is supported by the JCYL and Fundación Atapuerca. Palaeodemography of the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominid sample. The axis is craniocaudally low, and the atlantoaxial joint is mediolaterally (ML) expanded (24). This body shape is also largely present in other early and middle Pleistocene individuals and in Neandertals. At least 28 individuals of both sexes and diverse ages at death (18) were preserved, fragmented, and mixed with carnivore bones, mainly of Ursus deningeri (19). Midshaft section (Middle, CT-scan image) is rounded and shows an absence of a pilaster. Using a randomization method, relying on bootstrapping, the size variation in the SH hominins was studied as a proxy for their level of sexual dimorphism (33, 34), including additional anatomical parts that were previously underrepresented (SI Appendix, Tables S5–S7). Although middle Pleistocene populations have been described as exceptionally robust (13), phylogenetic hypotheses are based mainly on the more abundant cranial sample (14, 15). Evidence from the shoulder girdle, the thorax, and the pelvis points to a wide and large body type in the SH hominins. Thus, the full suite of Neandertal features did not arise all at once, and the evolution of the postcranial skeleton could be characterized as following a mosaic pattern. Britain was a peninsula and the Indonesian islands were connected to the Southeast Asian mainland, for example. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. endobj In sum, SH offers the best proxy for the general postcranial size and shape of Homo for at least the past 1 million years until the appearance of MH. Although the use of the FHD rather than the BIB (see above) yields lower BM values and, consequently, higher EQ values, the EQ from the SH sample is still significantly lower than that of Neandertals (P < 0.003) and MH (P < 0.006). 2021-01-26T04:14:34-08:00 Journal of Human Evolution 59, 2010, 493-503. Two hominin incisor teeth from the middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, Sussex, England. In addition, modern human sexual dimorphism shows some degree of populational variation, and future SH findings may allow for a more precise assessment of this matter. The Sima de los Huesos site is a well-known middle Pleistocene site that has yielded more than 6,700 human fossils dated to c. 430 kiloyears (kyr) ().All of the human remains come from the LU-6 lithostratigraphic unit ().At least 28 individuals of both sexes and diverse ages at death were preserved, fragmented, and mixed with carnivore bones, mainly of Ursus deningeri (). endobj Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. There is a further increase in the EQ in both MH and Neandertals (SI Appendix, Table S8), which suggests that a parallel encephalization process occurred after their last common ancestor (10). In these two latter traits, the specimens show some variation. The authors declare no conflict of interest. In a morphometric study on cranial development and identify patterns of allometric shape changes in facial morphology integration, Lieberman et al. This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1514828112/-/DCSupplemental. 1. middle pleistocene: 750,000 to 25,0000ya -most plesitocene hominoids lived during this time period 2. upper pleistocene: 125,000-10,000ya-later premodern humans and neanderthals lived into this period-often called ice age-marked by advances and retreats of massive continental glaciations uuid:89332fde-1dd2-11b2-0a00-810000000000 Middle to Late Pleistocene human evolution in East Asia has remained controversial regarding the extent of morphological continuity through archaic humans and to modern humans. Human Evolution: Evolution and dispersals of the Pleistocene Homo study guide by jeddyshaw includes 57 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Krapina and other Neanderthal clavicles: A peculiar morphology? 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